Summary
1. Complete blood count (CBC): SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to lymphopenia, leucopenia or thrombocytopenia which can be detected in CBC. Lymphopenia is the most common hematological abnormality. 2. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP): ESR and CRP are indicators of inflammation. Elevated ESR and CRP levels are observed in patients with severe or critical COVID-19 indicating cytokine storm. 3. Ferritin: Ferritin is an iron binding protein and elevated ferritin levels are seen in cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2. High ferritin levels indicate severity of inflammation. 4.D-dimer: D-dimer levels are elevated in COVID-19 patients due to increased coagulation activation. Elevated D-dimer levels on admission are associated with increased odds of mortality. 5.Liver function tests: Mild to moderate elevation in liver enzymes like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase are observed in COVID-19 patients indicating liver injury. Severe COVID-19 infection can lead to acute hepatic failure in some cases. 6.Cardiac troponins: Elevated troponin I and T levels are detected in COVID-19 patients with cardiac injury. Myocardial injury evidenced by elevated troponins is associated with severe disease and high mortality. 7.Procalcitonin: Procalcitonin levels do not increase in viral infections and remain normal in most of the COVID-19 patients. Elevated procalcitonin levels indicate secondary bacterial infection. 8. Cytokines: Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines like interleukin(IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, etc. are observed in COVID-19 indicating cytokine storm. Cytokine levels correlate with disease severity and mortality. In summary, SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to abnormalities in hematological parameters, indicators of inflammation, coagulation profiles, liver and cardiac functions which can be detected in various blood tests. These blood tests when monitored can help in prognosis of the disease and management of COVID-19 patients.
URT and LRT specimens are necessary for diagnosing severely affected patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. Anal swabs can detect viral RNA even when oral swabs cannot.
Published By:
Y Yan, L Chang, L Wang - Reviews in medical virology, 2020 - Wiley Online Library
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The ease-of-use IgG/IgM combined test kit were suitable for mass testing with adequate sensitivity and specificity. Combining RT-PCR and IgG/IgM test kit could provide insight into SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.
Published By:
L Ying, L Yue-ping, D Bo, R Feifei, W Yue, D Jinya… - MedRxiv, 2020 - medrxiv.org
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Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies increased from 2.7% to 5.2% in healthy blood donors in Milan from February to April. Infection likely spread before restrictions especially in younger people; adjustments may have more impacted them.
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L Valenti, A Bergna, S Pelusi, F Facciotti, A Lai… - MedRxiv, 2020 - medrxiv.org
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Sensitivity and immunity uncertain. Longitudinal studies show waning antibodies, immunity unknown.
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J Watson, A Richter, J Deeks - bmj, 2020 - bmj.com
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The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among blood donors was analyzed in Wuhan and other Chinese cities. The results indicated a low prevalence, with Wuhan showing a slightly higher rate during the quarantine period.
Published By:
L Chang, W Hou, L Zhao, Y Zhang, Y Wang… - Nature …, 2021 - nature.com
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Authors reviewed a strategy for managing calcineurin inhibitors in COVID-19 positive transplant recipients. They evaluated four kidney transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy who received nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. Patient characteristics and lab data were analyzed, and blood work was obtained from a lab capable of phlebotomy from COVID-positive patients.
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AX Wang, A Koff, D Hao, NM Tuznik… - American Journal of …, 2022 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Maternal infection with SARS-CoV-2 in early pregnancy does not affect fetal development or increase the risk of pregnancy loss.
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N la Cour Freiesleben, P Egerup, KVR Hviid… - Human …, 2021 - academic.oup.com
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Antibody tests cannot determine immunity to COVID-19, as the specific antibodies and their thresholds are still unknown.
Published By:
J Abbasi - Jama, 2021 - jamanetwork.com
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9.5% of Italian children had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, with infected cohabitants strongly correlating with IgG positivity.
Published By:
M Comar, S Benvenuto… - Italian journal of …, 2021 - ijponline.biomedcentral.com
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SARS-CoV-2 can cause various health issues, including blood clots, rashes, neurological symptoms, and a syndrome called "long COVID." In children, there is a Kawasaki's disease-like syndrome called MIS-C, which progresses rapidly and requires specific diagnostic biomarkers for accurate diagnosis. Research is being conducted to identify these biomarkers and improve the diagnosis of MIS-C in children.
Published By:
T Kouo, W Chaisawangwong - The Journal of Clinical …, 2021 - Am Soc Clin Investig
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