Note, income bands varied in width ranging from the smallest for lone parents of £1,000 at the bottom of the income distribution, to the open bands for families at the top of the income distribution. We did carry out analysis which compare MCS income data to income data recorded in the FRS. We also considered the validity of our income estimates using other sources. Even after weighting, the FRS average household income estimate was much higher at £40,863 than any estimate for the MCS. Likely reasons for this discrepancy include the estimation of housing benefit in FRS incomes and the more detailed collection of incomes from 'other' sources. Google Scholar Lynch, J. W., Smith, G. D., & Kaplan, G. A. Income inequality and mortality: Importance to health of individual income, psychosocial environment, or material conditions.

Abstract Poverty can be defined and measured either directly or indirectly. The relative deprivation concept of poverty is a direct concept; poverty is understood as visible poverty, that is, a low standard of consumption. The income poverty line is an indirect measure; poverty is established as low income. References Atkinson , A.B., 'How should we measure poverty?'.

The valuation of livestock outputs has political and economic implications for farmers, as policies require metrics. A case study in Mali examined the contribution of livestock to reducing poverty, using different methods. The results showed that an asset-based approach was more reflective of the roles of livestock in terms of security and vulnerability, but only a dynamic approach to indicators could fully account for the complex role of livestock in reducing poverty. This study highlights the need for policymakers to consider a range of approaches to evaluate the contribution of livestock to poverty reduction, as the financial approach alone may not capture the full picture.

The success of non-profit organizations in meeting the Millennium Development Goals is dependent on raising funds, which is reliant on having reliable and valid assessments of where donor and recipient perceptions are out-of-line. This research article explores the factor structure of the 'Causes of Third-World Poverty Questionnaire' (CTWPQ) in both a developed economy (Australia) and a developing economy (Malaŵi). The research suggests that donors from different parts of the world hold different views on the causes of poverty, with Malaŵians blaming poverty more on situations and less on the poor themselves compared to Australian counterparts. The article concludes with the suggestion that instruments like the CTWPQ can be used to identify and monitor psychosocial barriers to donation, enabling non-profit marketing organizations to raise funds more efficiently and effectively.

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The World Bank, a cooperative made up of 189 member countries, has published a guide to poverty comparisons, discussing the conceptual and methodological uncertainties involved in such assessments. The paper highlights the importance of assessing living standards, determining reliable poverty measures, and understanding the implications of choices made in aggregating data on individual living standards. The report also outlines new tools of analysis that can greatly facilitate poverty comparisons while recognizing the uncertainties involved. The guide calls for future applied work in developing countries to make use of these methods. Overall, the paper aims to provide guidance for policymakers, development practitioners, and researchers in conducting poverty assessments and evaluating policy interventions.

Given the controversy surrounding the definition of the poverty line, it is now standard practice in the literature to use several poverty lines- which yield different poverty levels- to test the extent to which poverty rankings depend on their definitions. Since the sensitivity of poverty estimates to the use of a range of poverty lines and to the use of different poverty indexes has been much more widely explored, we also address these issues but do not focus on them as much.4 To test for the sensitivity of poverty measures to different choices we use household survey data for 17 Latin American and Caribbean countries, which comprise more than 92 percent of the total population of the region. The poverty lines correspond to the official extreme poverty line provided by the statistical office of the country, the ECLAC poverty line, the PPP-adjusted 2-dollar-a-day poverty line and the poverty line employed in the country case studies compiled by Ganuza et al. According to the twenty-sixth estimation- which adjusts survey incomes to match PPP private consumption per capita in the NA and uses a PPP 2-dollar-a-day poverty line- the proportion of poor in Chile is 9.6 percentage points higher than in Costa Rica, while if poverty rates are computed with the twenty-eighth methodology in the Figure- which uses the benchmark measure but applies the World Bank Poverty Assessment Report poverty lines- the head count is 9 percentage points lower in Chile.