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In the lay perspective, living a natural life is an important part of animal welfare – a part that supplements, and therefore needs to be combined with, the absence of suffering and frustration that are central components of the expert approach. It is now widely recognised that assessments of animal welfare are based on a number of assumptions which are of ethical nature (e.g. Tannenbaum, 1991, Sandøe and Simonsen, 1992). Most notably, it matters a great deal how animal welfare is defined – whether it is defined in terms of animal function, of the balance of enjoyment or pleasure and suffering The approach of the study Although pig production accounts for as much as 32% of the Danish agricultural production (Danmarks Statistik, 2005), and although the welfare of pigs regularly pops up in public debate over food and agriculture, Danish lay perceptions of pig welfare have been investigated relatively little in Denmark.

A century later, black residents of this region still experience high rates of poverty, poor health care, low educational attainment, unemployment, and substandard housing.18 , 19 The clustering of North Carolina’s hog CAFOs in low-income, minority communities—and the health impacts that accompany them—has raised concerns of environmental injustice and environmental racism.20 As one pair of investigators explained, “[P]eople of color and the poor living in rural communities lacking the political capacity to resist are said to shoulder the adverse socio-economic, environmental, or health related effects of swine waste externalities without sharing in the economic benefits brought by industrialized pork production.”21 Although North Carolina is not the only area with environmental justice concerns vis-à-vis CAFOs, it has become one of the best studied. In 1982 every county in North Carolina but one had a commercial hog farm; by 1997, 95% of hog farms were located in the eastern counties of the coastal plain.32 Today the North Carolina hog herd, all told, numbers around 9–10 million animals annually, according to the state Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.41 This results in an enormous amount of manure, with each hog producing an estimated four to eight times as much feces as a human.32 , 42 In 2008 the Government Accountability Office reported that some 7.5 million hogs in five eastern North Carolina counties produced an estimated 15.5 million tons of waste per year, and that in one year a single 80,000-head facility could create 1.5 times the waste of the city of Philadelphia.43 The lagoons in which this waste is stored contain pathogens such as Salmonella , insecticides, antimicrobial agents and other pharmaceuticals, and nutrients that cause widespread pollution and impairment of watersheds across the coastal plain.44 , 45 , 46 Much concern has been raised over antibiotic-resistant bacteria that result from CAFO animals’ near-continual exposure to subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics as an inexpensive means to prevent disease and promote growth.47 , 48 Whereas human sewage is treated with chemical and mechanical filtration before being released into the environment, CAFOs channel waste from hog houses into pits or lagoons, where it is stored untreated until it is applied to land.

The editor is particularly interested in articles that address a novel subject, demonstrate considerable primary and secondary research, display an original interpretation, and are of general interest to Society members and other Agricultural History readers. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals.

Main Article Content Abstract In this article I will attempt to demonstrate how pig odor has been invented and deodorized through an analysis of the change in human-pig relations in Okinawa. It is in this way that pig odor has been invented. ?? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Article Details This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License . All items published by this journal are copyright of the original authors who grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

Consumer and market orientation have been identified as the key factors for successful future development of today’s meat industries (Grunert et al., 1996, Verbeke, 2000). An understanding of the factors that determine consumer perceptions of a product’s value or cost is of crucial importance to product innovation, choice of marketing strategy and maintenance of competitive advantage. In addition, focus groups do not discriminate against people who cannot read or write, encourage participation from people reluctant to be interviewed on their own or who feel they have nothing to say and, by tapping into interpersonal communication, are particularly sensitive to cultural variables (Kitzinger, 1995). The aim of this study is to use focus groups to obtain insights into decision-making towards fresh pork purchase and attitudes towards today’s pig production systems using consumers from France, England, Sweden and Denmark.