Summary
The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been used widely since 1921 to prevent childhood tuberculosis, however, its efficacy in adults remains variable. The BCG vaccine prevents the haematogenous spread of M. tuberculosis in children, but fails to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis in adults. The efficacy of BCG in adults ranges from 0 to 80% in different trials. Several factors affect the efficacy of BCG, including environmental exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacteria, technical issues related to vaccine production and host genetics. New tuberculosis vaccines are being developed to boost or replace BCG. Several subunit, viral vector, DNA and protein based vaccines are in different stages of clinical trials. M72/AS01E, which contains two M. tuberculosis antigens (Mtb32A and Mtb39A) with an adjuvant system AS01E, showed an efficacy of 50% in a phase 2b trial. Mtb72F polyprotein comprising of Mtb32A and Mtb39A fused with Mtb19, when formulated with GLA-SE adjuvant, showed an efficacy of 53.6% in a phase 2a trial in infants previously vaccinated with BCG. Ad5Ag85A, an adenovirus vector expressing the M. tuberculosis antigen 85A, showed safety and enhanced immunogenicity over BCG alone in phase 1 and 2 trials. Vesatolimod, a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist, when used as an adjuvant with BCG, increased the CD4 T cell responses to M. tuberculosis antigens in healthy adults. New generation tuberculosis vaccines aim to enhance the efficacy of BCG, boost immunity in those already vaccinated with BCG or replace BCG. Protein and adjuvant systems, viral vectors and DNA vaccines have shown promising results in early stage clinical trials. An effective tuberculosis vaccine that prevents pulmonary tuberculosis in all age groups and provides long term protection is needed to eliminate the global burden of tuberculosis.
The mucosal vector vaccine Flu/ESAT-6 significantly increased the efficacy of therapy for drug-susceptible and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis in mice. Flu/ESAT-6 vaccine based on influenza A virus expressing mycobacterial protein ESAT-6.
Published By:
undefined - MedAlliance
2020
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0
M. tuberculosis causes TB, the 2nd deadliest infection. Vaccines are needed. PE_PGRS49/56 proteins had T/B cell epitopes & HLA binding sites. Stable constructs with epitopes & adjuvant were designed.
Published By:
Maritriny Ruaro-Moreno - Microorganisms
2023
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BCG vaccine protects children from TB. Additional boost vaccination with Ag85B-TB10.4-FliC chimeric protein and plasmid DNA encoding Ag85A antigen leads to further inhibition of TB dissemination and prolonged survival.
Published By:
V. Yeremeev - Medical Immunology
2019
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1
A DNA vaccine with epitopes from five M.tb proteins in a heat shock protein 65 backbone induced T-cell responses and protection against TB challenge. The HSP65-based multi-epitope design is promising for TB vaccines.
Published By:
Manli Wu - Microbiology and immunology
2016
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14
Tuberculosis remains major challenge; developing better vaccine crucial. Here,screened 15 mycobacterial antigens in zebrafish; 4 reduced infection,RpfE improved survival resemblance of human TB.
Published By:
Henna Myllymäki - PLoS ONE
2017
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19
In this review, the objective preconditions of the growing role of vaccinal prevention in increasing of effectiveness of treatment of tuberculosis in the key groups of patient is elucidated.Here are actual recommendations and information about efficiency and safety of vaccines in treatment of tuberculosis.
Published By:
K. Mashilov - undefined
2019
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0
Balanced humoral and T cell responses are needed to defend against diseases caused by complex intracellular pathogens.Carbomer-based adjuvants may elicit balanced antibody and T-cell based immunity.
Published By:
Woojong Lee - Frontiers in Immunology
2022
Cited By:
30
A DNA plasmid vaccine expressing Mtb32C-HBHA fusion protein was constructed. By using this DNA vaccine as a booster after BCG, higher amounts of IFN-γ are produced.
Published By:
Roghayeh Teimourpour - Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
2017
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7
Immunogenicity of formulations were assessed by measuring the level of cytokines and antibodies.
Published By:
F. Khademi - Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
2019
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10
Mpg-MNP is a potential TB booster vaccine that when used after BCG provides better protection against tuberculosis in mice than BCG alone.
Published By:
Mi-Hyun Lee - Frontiers in Immunology
2023
Cited By:
0