Tuberculosis treatment strategies generally involve a combination of antitubercular drugs which need to be taken for atleast 6-9 months to completely cure the infection. The treatment regimen for tuberculosis typically consists of an intensive phase of 2 months where 4 drugs - isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol are given and a continuation phase of 4-7 months where isoniazid and rifampicin are continued. For drug resistant strains of M.tuberculosis, the treatment regimen is modified accordingly based on the drug susceptibility testing. Several factors can impact the treatment outcomes in tuberculosis. Patient related factors such as treatment adherence, alcohol abuse, malnutrition etc can lead to treatment failure or relapse.Disease related factors such as multi-drug resistance, extensive disease with multiple lobes involved or presence of cavities also pose a challenge for treatment success. Lack of awareness about the disease and stigma associated with it can also interfere with treatment compliance. Strategies to improve treatment outcomes include directly observed therapy or DOTS where a healthcare worker observes the patient swallowing the anti-TB drugs. This ensures treatment compliance and adherence. Patient counseling and education about the importance of completing the full course of treatment is also helpful. Nutritional and social support in the form of food supplements and incentives can improve outcomes especially in resource poor settings.Newer diagnostic techniques which provide rapid drug susceptibility results help in timely modification of treatment regimens for drug resistant cases. Use of DOTS and patient education/counselling have been shown to significantly improve cure rates and reduce default rates in multiple studies. Providing financial and food incentives, especially in low income groups can help reduce treatment default by removing barriers to access. Measures to reduce stigma around the disease through public awareness campaigns are also important for improving case detection and treatment compliance. In summary, a multi-pronged approach which addresses patient, disease, and healthcare related factors is needed to improve treatment outcomes for tuberculosis. Adequate treatment, treatment compliance, nutritional support and public health measures all play a role in achieving high cure rates and preventing transmission of this infectious disease. Regular monitoring of treatment outcomes and drug resistance patterns assists in timely modification of strategies for effective control of tuberculosis.