Summary
Tobacco smoking increased the risk of unfavorable tuberculosis treatment outcomes, particularly treatment failure and death. The impact was higher among past and current smokers. The combined effect of alcohol misuse and smoking on unfavorable treatment outcomes was significantly higher among past smokers and current smokers.Innovative interventions that can readily address both co-morbidities are urgently needed. Annual incidence rates of HIV-infected tuberculosis during 1990–2019 were collected. The ASR of HIV-XDR-TB increasedsignificantly, while the ASRs of HIV-DS-TB and HIV-MDR-TB decreased after 2005. HIV-XDR-TB was a threat to Eastern Europe with most new cases and highest ASR. Oceania had the largest rise in ASRs of HIV-MDR-TB and HIV-XDR-TB. Recently, age-specific incidence rates of HIV-XDR-TB increased in all age groups, especially in 50–69 age groups among regions.The proportion of patients aged <15 years was nearly 10% of new cases in sub-Saharan Africa, higher than in other regions. HIV-infected drug-resistant TB is common in Oceania and Eastern Europe. Moreover, HIV-XDR-TB among elderly people became increasingly prevalent. In the future, the collaboration of management for HIV and TB should be intensified in Oceania and Eastern Europe, and more concerns need to be paid in elderly people. A systematic review was conducted to summarize child contact management implementation, challenges, predictors, and recommendations for tuberculosis based on 37 studies from high burden countries. Child contact management lacks standardization resulting in common challenges and losses throughout the cascade. Prioritization of a child contact management-friendly healthcare environment with improved processes and tools; health education; and active, evidence-based strategies can decrease barriers. A focused approach toward every aspect of the cascade will likely diminish losses throughout the cascade and ultimately decrease tuberculosis related morbidity and mortality in children. TB is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Microscopy/culture are still the mainstay of diagnosis. Lower respiratory infections constitute a major disease burden worldwide. Treatment is usually empiric and targeted towards typical bacterial pathogens. Understanding the prevalence of pathogens not covered by empirical treatment is important to improve diagnostic and treatment algorithms.
Directly observed therapy (DOT) was associated with protection against unfavorable outcomes in all age groups. The use of alcohol, illicit drugs, and smoking, as well as occurrence of comorbidities, were significantly different between age groups. Lack of DOT, previous tuberculosis, race, location of tuberculosis disease, and HIV infection were independent risk factors for unfavorable outcome depending on the age group. Incidence according to age and sex identified adults and young males as the groups that need prevention efforts.
Published By:
Beatriz Barreto-Duarte - Frontiers in Medicine
2021
Cited By:
12
TB causes many deaths worldwide. Microscopy/culture are still the main ways to diagnose TB.
Published By:
Mohiuddin - undefined
2020
Cited By:
2
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious disease cause of death worldwide.Over half the world’s TB cases occur in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only available vaccine but has variable efficacy. Antigen-based vaccines are proposed to boost BCG. Effective antigens must interact with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules in target populations. We systematically reviewed studies from 2013-2020 reporting HLA-DRB1 allelic frequencies in BRICS. 3,207,861 healthy individuals were included. HLA-DRB1 alleles *03, *04, *07, *11, *13, and *15 had high, consistent frequencies across BRICS (52-80% combined). HLA-DRB1 alleles *01, *08, *09, *10, *12, and *14 were relevant in one or two BRICS populations. Combining alleles ensures at least 80% coverage in BRICS.
Published By:
Alice Sarno - Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
2021
Cited By:
1
Adherence to TB treatment decreased over six months; certain groups like younger males showed greater declines.
Published By:
L. M. de Groot - Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
2022
Cited By:
5
Previous TB treatment and drug stock outs were associated with DR-TB Regular supply of anti TB medications and health education may help to stem the burden of TB disease in this nomadic population.
Published By:
B. N. Simbwa - undefined
2021
Cited By:
1
A systematic review summarized child contact managment challenges, predictors and recommendations for TB in 37 studies.CCM losses varied for screening,preventive therapy initiation,and completion.
Published By:
D. Szkwarko - PLoS ONE
2017
Cited By:
85
We used parameter fitting to determine the basic reproduction number of the model as R0 =0.6993. The predictive analysis led to two major projections that can achieve the goal by 2035: if the progression rate of latently infected people reaches 10%, there will be 92.2% fewer cases than in 2015; if the cure rate of DR-TB increases to 40% , there will be 91.5% fewer cases.
Published By:
Ao Xu - Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance
2021
Cited By:
2
Smoking increased TB treatment failure and death, especially in past/current smokers.Past/current smokers who misused alcohol had worse outcomes.Interventions are needed.
Published By:
B. Thomas - PLoS ONE
2019
Cited By:
40
ASRs of HIV-XDR-TB rose significantly worldwide;ASRs of HIV-DS-TB/HIV-MDR-TB fell after 2005.HIV-XDR-TB threatened Eastern Europe with highest incidence.Oceania had largest rise in ASRs of HIV-MDR-TB/HIV-XDR-TB recently.Age-specific rates of HIV-XDR-TB rose in all age groups, especially 50-69, among regions.10% of new cases in Sub-Saharan Africa were <15;higher than elsewhere.HIV-drug resistant TB common in Oceania/Eastern Europe;HIV-XDR-TB in elderly increased.HIV/TB management collaboration should intensify in Oceania/Eastern Europe;more concern for elderly needed.
Published By:
Yaping Wang - Infectious Diseases
2022
Cited By:
6