35 eliminated words. 352 characters. DEA et SFA pour mesurer efficacite de 177 services d'eau 2009. communes (regies) ou operatreurs prives. Benchmarking pour distinguer inefficience manageriale, operationnel bruits. Operateurs prives environnements plus difficiles. correction, services delegues legerement moins efficients. Cependant, difference se dissipe mesures econométriquement.

Mineral waters are popular around the world for their mineral content, therapeutic virtues, and origins. Bottled spring and mineral waters are captured and bottled for distribution locally, regionally, or worldwide. Bottled waters are increasingly consumed in everyday life at the expense of tap water. For example, the French person consumed about 35 litres of bottled water per year versus 110 litres in 2000. Depending on regional and national eating habits, sparkling water is preferred over still water. For example, the Germans, Austrians and Belgians drink almost exclusively sparkling water unlike the Spanish who prefer still water. The increasing presence of bottled waters on the market promotes a form of standardization of practices; this is accentuated by the importance that everyone attaches to their health and also to the taste pleasure that they seek and which is valued by large bottled water distribution groups. Analysis of the bottled water market's development and changes in consumption in different European countries shows the impact of globalization on consumer behavior.

Restoration projects have multiplied since the implementation of the Water Framework Directive which aims at good ecological status of water bodies in 2015. The historical and experimental geomorphology proves useful to guide actions on the physical component of streams. Such an approach has been initiated on the "Old Rhine" bypassed between the Kembs and Breisach dams. Straightening, installation of groynes and construction of the Canal of Alsace have deeply altered the hydro-morphology of the section, causing lowering, paving of the bed and simplification of aquatic and riparian habitats.This article summarizes the main results of a geomorphological study conducted within the framework of an INTERREG European program and actions undertaken by Electricité de France (EDF) to assess the possibilities of restoring sediment dynamics of the Old Rhine. A retrospective multi-scale analysis allowed a better understanding of the temporal trajectory of adjustment of the section and to estimate its sensitivity to changes. An experimental sediment recharge was followed in situ to analyze potential environmental risks, estimate initial morphologic effects and test physical indicators for evaluation. These two approaches allowed the formulation of concrete recommendations for large-scale and sustainable restoration.

The European Water Framework monitors chemical pollution in water using spot measurements, but this approach is limited. Passive sampling using devices like DGT and SPMD can provide better monitoring by detecting lower concentrations over longer time periods.

Measuring suspended sediment concentrations in rivers is complex.Studying particle size and properties, and a river's ability to mobilize materials interests researchers and river managers.

Les hommes sont plus enclins aux normes ascendantes.Les femmes sont plus impliquees dans le quotidien des activites protectrices.

In two sentences: Inrae studied infrastructure of drinking water networks in France;models estimate 875,000 km of pipes,70% PVC,30% cast iron,40% laid before 1970.

The EU Water Framework Directive requires an inventory of aquatic environments in 2013.The Arpeges method was developed to assess the overall risk of pesticide contamination of surface waters in mainland France.This method combines the vulnerability of the environment to different types of water transfers and phytosanitary pressure. Vulnerability is estimated from parameters related to the physical environment and its use.

Les profileurs acoustiques de vitesse par effet Doppler sont de plus en plus utilisés pour le jaugeage des cours d'eau en France.Après un bref rappel du principe et de la mise en oeuvre de l'aDcp, les actions du groupe d'utilisateurs français (Groupe Doppler) sont présentées.

The water distribution in France was deregulated on the initiative of the State, concerned with a rational development of its territory in water networks.This deregulation took place at the pace of a slow and imperfect process.