APA PsycArticles: Journal Article © Request Permissions Gold, J. (2005). Anxiety, conflict, and resistance in learning an integrative perspective on psychotherapy. The added emotional burdens of learning an integrated approach are discussed, as are some solutions to these conflicts. (APA PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

Moreover, studies have shown that female medical professionals are more vulnerable to experiencing work-family conflict due to struggling with their work and family responsibilities [1 , 7 , 8 ]. Work-family conflict does not only affect women by limiting the opportunity for a leadership position in their career and their professional activity [9 ], but also negatively affects their mental health among female employees [10 , 11 ]. In addition, one study demonstrated that female medical staff who suffer greater work-family conflict were more likely to develop mental health problems compared to male counterparts [12 ] . Burnout is another factor that contributes to mental health issues among medical professionals [2 ]. Burnout refers to “a psychological syndrome emerging as a prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stressors on the job,” and it includes emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment [13 ]. Emotional exhaustion is a feeling of excessive emotional stress and feeling drained from interaction with other people, and is the core element of burnout [14 ]. Higher workload is the main reason for higher emotional exhaustion [15 ]. As healthcare providers commonly suffer from their demanding jobs, longer work hours, and regular night shifts, they are likely to experience emotional exhaustion. When individuals experience distress, social support can be considered to be a coping strategy [20 ]. Social support refers to the perceived availability of resources, involving support offered by the individual’s social networks, such as spouses, friends, co-workers, and families [21 ]. It has been previously shown that social support can significantly reduce the detrimental effect of stressful conditions to prevent mental problems for individuals [21 ]. Social support can have positive impacts on health via two effects: a direct effect and a buffering effect [21 ]. A large and growing body of literature has proposed that social support is negatively associated with psychological distress [22 ,23 ,24 ,25 ]. Evidence suggests that social support has beneficial impacts on anxiety symptoms among medical professionals [26 ]. Regarding the buffering effect of social support, previous research has established that it can be seen as a moderator between burnout and anxiety symptoms [27 ]. Furthermore, it has also been proposed that social support can moderate the effect of work-family conflict on burnout [28 ]. It is observed that the positive impact of social support is more apparent for female medical staff compared to their male counterparts [29 ]. There is little published data on exploring when social support moderates the relationships between work-family conflict, social support, emotional exhaustion and anxiety symptoms among female medical professionals.

Lederman PhD Maternal and Child Nursing Department, Division of Sociomedical Sciences , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, USA ; American Society of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology , USA Original Articles Treatment Strategies for Anxiety, Stress, and Developmental Conflict during Reproduction References Citations Metrics Reprints & Permissions Get access /doi/epdf/10.1080/08964289.1995.9933749?needAccess=true Abstract In the preceding article,1 I reviewed the literature and analyzed psychophysiological and psychosocial foundations of reproductive health outcomes. In this article, I focus on treatment strategies and considerations for policy formation pertaining to the care of women, children, and families during reproduction.

Government restrictions put in place to slow the spread of the virus have led to widespread social isolation, which can have profound consequences for mental health (Brooks et al. 2020 ). While these restrictions have been challenging for people of all ages, they may be particularly difficult for adolescents, who at this developmental stage rely heavily on their peer connections for emotional support and social development (Ellis and Zarbatany 2017 ). As orders to stay at home and socially distance from others impedes most peer interaction, it is important to examine the impact that this is having on adolescents’ mental health, especially given the strong associations between interpersonal stress and the onset of emotional difficulties among adolescents (Rapee et al. 2019 ). However, to date there is no longitudinal research examining the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents, and what is known is limited by retrospective reports of perceived mental health changes (e.g., Hawke et al. 2020 ). The current study addressed this gap by examining changes in adolescent mental health within a longitudinal framework that included baseline measures of adolescents’ mental health before the COVID-19 pandemic, and a second measure two months following the implementation of government restrictions and online learning. Adolescence has often been labeled by developmental theorists as a period of storm and stress (Casey et al. 2010 ). This is due in part, to the physical and chemical changes occurring in the brain from early adolescence, which result in a ‘neural mismatch’ whereby emotionality is heightened in response to real and/or perceived stressors (Bailen et al. 2019 ), yet the self-regulatory system required to manage these emotions remains largely underdeveloped until early adulthood (Somerville et al. 2010 ). Another defining characteristic of adolescence is the marked increase in social sensitivity and the importance of peers (Somerville 2013 ). As adolescents strive for independence from their parents, the time spent with peers increases dramatically, and for the first time, friends rather than parents become the primary source of interaction and influence (Meuwese et al. 2017 ). However, the increased social sensitivity that emerges during adolescence also means that peer relationships can be a major source of conflict, rejection, and interpersonal stress (Somerville 2013 ). During adolescence, acceptance and rejection by peers is used to guide behaviors, shape self-concept and gauge self-worth (Connell and Wellborn 1991 ). Thus, negative peer interactions during this important developmental window can lead to poor self-concept, a low sense of worth, and subsequent increases in symptoms of anxiety and depression, whereas positive peer relationships can provide social and emotional support, which are known to protect against the risk of both depression and anxiety (La Greca and Harrison 2005 ). The increases in interpersonal stress, coupled with heightened emotional reactivity and low emotion-regulation, can place adolescents at a greater risk of developing many common forms of psychopathology including generalized anxiety, eating disorders, depression, and social anxiety (Rapee et al. 2019 ). In fact, this particular subset of internalizing disorders has previously been referred to as “disorders of adolescence” due to their typical median onset age of 13 to 19 years (Rapee et al. 2019 ). Collectively, the developmental characteristics of adolescence, the typical age of onset for these social emotional disorders, and the fact that adolescents have been conducting their schooling online, spending most of their time indoors and are physically separated from their peers, means they may be at an increased risk of developing psychological problems during the COVID-19 global pandemic.

Firstly, anxiety may be mediated by a biological behavioural inhibition system which is responsible for the resolution of goal conflict (Gray & McNaughton, 2000). Secondly, attentional control theory (ACT) suggest that anxiety relates to increased cognitive interference, which is experienced as distraction (Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007). Thirdly, anxiety has been related to the enhanced processing of threat-related stimuli (Bar-Haim et al., 2007, Beck and Clark, 1997, Mathews and Mackintosh, 1998, Mogg and Bradley, 1998). Therefore, the day-to-day experiences of those high in trait anxiety may be affected by the interaction between the level of threat monitoring, magnitude of cognitive interference (i.e., distraction), and an altered way of resolving conflicting approach and avoidance situations. Decreasing the proportion of incongruent trials relative to congruent trials increased the magnitude of the congruency effect in the emotional word-face Stroop study by Krug and Carter (2012). Current theorising suggests that participants would have implicitly learned the correlations (contingencies) between the words and responses.

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Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 (3), 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.510 Guided by attachment theory, a 2-part study was conducted to test how perceptions of relationship-based conflict and support are associated with relationship satisfaction/closeness and future quality. Perceptions of daily relationship-based conflicts negatively impacted the perceived satisfaction/closeness and relationship futures of highly anxious individuals, whereas perceptions of greater daily support had positive effects.