The port width and the offset between them are important structure parameters of a wave rotor refrigerator (WRR). The arrangement of ports decides the wave diagram in the wave rotor, which has a huge influence on the WRR performance. This paper first presents an analytical design procedure for the pressure exchanger refrigerator, also known as WRR, to afford a theoretical port arrangement of the WRR rapidly.

The AC loss and the voltage signal are electrically measured using different pick-up coils with the help of a transformer. Furthermore, the critical current, the AC loss and the voltage signal are simulated, showing a good agreement with the experiments.

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The basic building block for the description of three-dimensional (3D) vortex lines is shown to be the 2D pancake vortex, which is a vortex located in only one of the layers; the other layers contain no vortices, but have an important effect in screening the magnetic field generated by currents in the first layer. It is shown that 3D vortex lines can be built up by superposing the contributions of stacks of 2D pancake vortices.

In this paper we allow for the depth of penetration of field to vary across the stack, and use the Kim model to allow for the variation of J c with B . The model is applied to the cases of a transport current and an applied field. For up to about ten tapes the losses rise rapidly with the number of tapes, but in thicker stacks the tapes shield each other and the losses become that of a slab with a field parallel to the faces.

One-and two-dimensional models References Citations Metrics Reprints & Permissions Get access /doi/epdf/10.1080/03091928208209001?needAccess=true Abstract Evolution of initially smooth perturbations in a cold self-gravitating medium in a Friedmann Universe gives rise to the formation of singularities in the distribution of density in a manner similar to that of catastrophe theory. Reprints and Permissions Please note: We are unable to provide a copy of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

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