Summary 1: Simple Summary Cetacean strandings occur globally and can impact the welfare as well as the survival of the animals involved. Understanding the welfare status of stranded cetaceans is important to inform appropriate human intervention. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how to assess animal welfare in this context. Here, we used video footage of live stranded animals of four odontocete species to explore which proposed welfare indicators can be assessed at live stranding events. We identified and evaluated potential indicators that could be non-invasively assessed, including 10 non-behavioural and 2 composite behavioural indicators (category of many behaviours). The first data on the fine-scale behaviour of stranded odontocetes and associated human intervention during stranding responses are presented. Our findings suggest that remote assessments of stranded cetacean’s welfare states are feasible. These data provide the foundation to develop a systematic, structured welfare assessment framework specific to stranded cetaceans that can inform conservation and management decisions. Abstract Despite the known benefit of considering welfare within wildlife conservation and management, there remains a lack of data to inform such evaluations. To assess animal welfare, relevant information must be captured scientifically and systematically. A key first step is identifying potential indicators of welfare and the practicality of their measurement. We assessed the feasibility of evaluating potential welfare indicators from opportunistically gathered video footage of four stranded odontocete species (n = 53) at 14 stranding events around New Zealand. The first stranded cetacean ethogram was compiled, including 30 different behaviours, 20 of which were observed in all four species. Additionally, thirteen types of human intervention were classified. A subset of 49 live stranded long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas edwardii) were assessed to determine indicator prevalence and to quantify behaviours. Four ‘welfare status’ and six ‘welfare alerting’ non-behavioural indicators could be consistently evaluated from the footage. Additionally, two composite behavioural indicators were feasible. Three human intervention types (present, watering, and touching) and five animal behaviours (tail flutter, dorsal fin flutter, head lift, tail lift, and head side-to-side) were prevalent (>40% of individuals). Our study highlights the potential for non-invasive, remote assessments via video footage and represents an initial step towards developing a systematic, holistic welfare assessment framework for stranded cetaceans. Summary 2: Microbes are constantly evolving. Laboratory studies of bacterial evolution increase our understanding of evolutionary dynamics, identify adaptive changes, and answer important questions that impact human health. During bacterial infections in humans, however, the evolutionary parameters acting on infecting populations are likely to be much more complex than those that can be tested in the laboratory. Nonetheless, human infections can be thought of as naturally occurring in vivo bacterial evolution experiments, which can teach us about antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis, and transmission. Here, we review recent advances in the study of within-host bacterial evolution during human infection and discuss practical considerations for conducting such studies. We focus on 2 possible outcomes for de novo adaptive mutations, which we have termed “adapt-and-live” and “adapt-and-die.” In the adapt-and-live scenario, a mutation is long lived, enabling its transmission on to other individuals, or the establishment of chronic infection. In the adapt-and-die scenario, a mutation is rapidly extinguished, either because it carries a substantial fitness cost, it arises within tissues that block transmission to new hosts, it is outcompeted by more fit clones, or the infection resolves. Adapt-and-die mutations can provide rich information about selection pressures in vivo, yet they can easily elude detection because they are short lived, may be more difficult to sample, or could be maladaptive in the long term. Understanding how bacteria adapt under each of these scenarios can reveal new insights about the basic biology of pathogenic microbes and could aid in the design of new translational approaches to combat bacterial infections. Summary 3: How do human embryos implant in physiological conditions and develop beyond blastocyst stage? Human embryos apply forces during invasion of the matrix, the mural trophectoderm undergoes a quick compaction leading to a fast radial expansion of polar side Human embryos can be cultured beyond blastocyst stage using supplements of animal origin, such as fetal bovine serum. However, two main issues limit our understanding of the implantation of the human embryo. First, human embryos do not express fluorescent proteins, severely limiting the access to advanced live-imaging tools. Second, the animal serums may not represent the physiological peri-implantation conditions of the human embryo, thus limiting the reproducibility of the in vitro experiments. Here we combine label-free multiphoton imaging with media formulations including clinical-grade protein supplements from human plasma unlocking the observation of the human embryo in 3D and physiological conditions We have cultured 150 human embryos from D3 until blastocyst stage and also more than 600 mouse embryos from zygote until blastocyst stage and then transferred them into a 3D implantation platform. All embryos were supplemented with clinical-grade human-derived serum, which is rich in globulins and growth factors, and commercial basal media. The implantation was monitored for 3-to-5 days up until day 11. Traction-force microscopy and molecular imaging was employed to quantify implantation markers. Implantation was measured using our novel version of traction-force microscopy, which reveals the force applied by entire embryos during live-imaging experiments. Multiphoton illumination of autofluorescent molecules allows to reconstruct images of live human embryos on 3D at unprecedented resolution. Key molecular markers for the formation of the epiblast rosette (OCT4), extra-embryonic visceral endoderm (GATA4), extra-embryonic ectoderm and trophoblast (CDX2) and primary yolk sac and pre-amniotic cavity were reconstructed in 3D using high resolution confocal imaging. The implantation of human embryos was visualized in 3D movies at high resolution, during time-resolved experiments and compared to implantation in mouse embryos. Human embryos undergo a remarkable compaction upon attachment of the polar trophectoderm and thereafter they implant by engaging the matrix through many different points (>8). The post-implantation compaction leads to a strong invasion of the polar trophectoderm, digging large holes in the matrix and expanding radially. Some trophoblast cells escape the embryo colonizing the matrix. Human embryos expressed the correct pattern of molecular markers by day 11 of culture. Actin staining and OCT4 expression revealed the formation of a central rosette defining the pre-amniotic cavity. GATA6 expression defined the visceral endoderm and the formation of a primordial yolk sac. Mouse embryos conversely, compact upon implantation of the mural trophectoderm and are less invasive, typically anchoring to the matrix through 2-to-3 points. Post-implantation culture of mouse embryos starting at zygote was possible until the formation and large expansion of the amniotic cavity, which constituted 2/3 of the whole embryo size, corresponding with the initial steps of gastrulation, longer than any previous protocol Transfer of mouse blastocysts back to receptive mothers resulted in birth of viable litter. This study has been performed with human embryos ex vivo using bioengineering technology to implant embryos outside the mother uterus. The bio-compatibility of our serum supplements was validated by live birth of transferred embryos in animal models, but would require further evaluation in clinical trials. Our work stresses the safety and efficiency of supplementing embryo culture and particularly embryo transfer, with human plasma-derived serums of clinical-grade. The correct expression of main molecular markers indicates that this type of supplementation promotes implantation physiologically, which opens the possibility to employ these serums in the IVF laboratory. Not applicable Summary 4: STUDY QUESTION What are the long-term chances of having a child for couples starting fertility treatments and how many conceive with ART, IUI and without treatment? SUMMARY ANSWER Total 5-year live birthrates were strongly influenced by female age and ranged from 80% in women under 35-26% in women ≥40 years, overall, 14% of couples conceived naturally and one-third of couples starting treatments with intrauterine insemination delivered from that treatment. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Few studies report success rates in fertility treatments across a couple's complete fertility treatment history, across clinics, evaluating live births after insemination, ART and natural conceptions. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This register-based national cohort study from Denmark includes all women initiating fertility treatments in public and private clinics with homologous gametes in 2007-2010. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Women were identified in the Danish ART Registry and were cross-linked with the Medical Birth Registry to identify live births. Subfertile couples were followed 2 years (N = 19 884), 3 years (N = 14 445) and 5 years (N = 5165), or until their first live birth. Cumulative live birthrates were estimated 2, 3 and 5 years from the first treatment cycle, in all women, including drop-outs. Birthrates were stratified by type of first treatment (ART/IUI), mode of conception (ART/IUI/natural conception) and female age. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Within 5 years, in women aged <35 years (N = 3553), 35-39 years (N = 1156) and ≥40 years (N = 451), a total of 64%, 49% and 16% had a live birth due to treatment, respectively. Additionally, in women aged < 35 years, 35-39 years and ≥40 years, 16%, 11% and 10% delivered after natural conception, yielding total 5-year birthrates of 80%, 60% and 26%. In women starting treatments with IUI (N = 3028), 35% delivered after IUI within 5 years, 24% delivered after shift to ART treatments and 17% delivered after natural conception. Within 5 years from starting treatments with ART (N = 2137), 53% delivered after ART, 11% delivered after natural conception and 0.6% delivered after IUI. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Birthrates are most likely higher compared to countries without national coverage of treatments and results are influenced by laws and regulations. Information on duration of infertility prior to treatment was not available. Future prospective intervention studies should focus on the role of expectant management. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results can provide couples with a comprehensible age-stratified prognosis at start of treatment. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was unconditionally funded by Ferring Pharmaceuticals and the Augustinus foundation. All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare: S.S.M. received an unconditional grant from Ferring Pharmaceuticals; A.A.H. has received personal fees from Ferring Pharmaceuticals not related to this work; A.N.A. reports grants and personal fees from Ferring Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Merck Serono, grants and personal fees from MSD, outside the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The study was approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (J.nr. 2012-41-1330). Summary 5: Objective: When own mother's milk falls short, pasteurized human donor milk is recommended as alternative feeding for preterm infants. Donor milk has to meet the highest safety standards, but its processing and storage is expensive. The recommended storage time of pasteurized donor milk is 3 months. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the frozen storage time of pasteurized donor milk can be extended beyond 3 months without compromising its safety and quality. Methods: For this prospective observational study breast milk samples of 34 unique women, collected between November 2014 and June 2015, were provided by the Dutch Human Milk Bank. Samples were Holder pasteurized within 3 months after expression and stored at −20°C. Analysis of both bacterial growth (by inoculation of milk on a blood and a cysteine-, lactose-, and electrolyte-deficient agar) and fat, crude protein, carbohydrate and energy content of milk (analyzed by infrared spectroscopy) was done monthly during the first 6 months and every 2 months thereafter, up to 1 year postpasteurization. Results: Thirty of 306 (9.8%) follow-up samples showed bacterial growth when cultured. None of the samples showed sequential contamination with the same strain up to 8 months of frozen storage. No significant decreases in macronutrients and energy content were observed over 8 months. Conclusion: Pasteurized human donor milk can be stored safely for 8 months at −20°C, without compromising its macronutrient and energy content. This longer storage time will reduce disposal of expired donor milk and subsequently reduce costs. Summary 6: In March 2015, Sri Lanka’s then-President Maithripala Sirisena launched the Toxic Free Nation Movement as a long-term solution to a mysterious form of kidney disease (CKDu) now endemic in the island’s dry zone. As part of this strategy, in 2016 the movement worked with farmers in north-central Sri Lanka to cultivate indigenous rice varieties without agrochemicals. Yet, within a year, 80 percent of farmers who experimented with indigenous and organic rice farming had switched back to some form of agrochemically intensive cultivation. In this article, I examine farmers’ narratives of why this happened, demonstrating how the movement’s conceptualization of agricultural harm often missed the forms of accounting most salient for residents themselves. Instead, through their testimonies, residents track how polyvalent relationships with agrarian toxicity mediate (1) vulnerabilities to simple reproduction squeezes, (2) reliance on grain fungibility, and (3) strong but bittersweet attachments to dry zone agrarian landscapes. As a consequence, I document how residents respatialize their knotted relationships to agrarian toxicity to include moments of what I call “agrichemical kinship.” I argue that this optic helps us grasp the ways in which agrochemicals simultaneously erode and enable modes of social reproduction against a backdrop of rural stagnation. Following feminist scholars of toxicity, this article not only reveals intimate, yet undertheorized, connections between the field of toxic geographies and the concept of social reproduction but also dashes hopes of any simple equation between banning agrichemical inputs and enacting health in the wake of CKDu. Summary 7: Abstract Study question Male recovered from covid19 showed negative impact on sperm quality- are these changes reversible and are antioxidant therapy beneficial to overcome sperm quality changes? Summary answer Oxidative stress created by the proinflammatory cytokine storm by covid19 virion might interect with spermatozoa to cause changes in spermiogram and antioxidant is the treatment What is known already Covid19 virion might interect with human spermatozoa and disrupt male fertility. Suppression of semen volume, progressive motility, morphology, sperm number and DNA integrity as a result of covid19 infection were correlated with markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Sperm DNA damage is the key feature of the disease but the effect on semen quality seem to subside with the passage of time although further studies are needed to substantiate this point. My study is to determine whether the proposed antioxidant treatment to restore the negative impact of covid19 on sperm vitality is beneficial or not. Study design, size, duration The study included 20 male aged 20-45yrs among those couples who were undergoing infertility treatment at Shristi Healthcare between April/2020 to October/2020 with a positive covid19 test and has recovered from the disease atleast 3-5months earlier and who had undergone spermiogram test before the onset of the disease. Semen samples were taken3-5months after recovery from covid19 and after 3 months treatment with antioxidant(CoenzQ10/300mg). Participants/materials, setting, methods Inclusion criteria: precovid normal spermiogram, with mild to moderate covid symptoms without hospitalisation. Exclusion criteria: those with precovid oligospermia or azooospermia, h/o steroid therapy for covid, h/o hormonal drug use that could affect spermiogenesis, with severe covid symptoms requiring ICU treatment. Time between last negative nasal swab test to semen analysis was 120-150days. Antioxidant(CoenzQ10/300mg)given as once daily dose for 3months after recovery from covid and semen test reviewed after treatment and compared with precovid data. Main results and the role of chance The mean age of participants were 30.4±4.8yrs and smoking status, BMI, medical history, presence of varicocele were recorded. Semen samples were processed according to WHO guidelines(2010, 5th edition). Statistical analysis was done by paired t test for paired samples and p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. When semen samples before and after covid19 were evaluated, it showed marked decline in sperm volume/ml(precovid 3(2.5-3.5) to postcovid 1.5(1-2), p < 0.005); total sperm count x10^6per ejaculate(precovid 42(25-65) to postcovid 5(1-10), p < 0.005); progressive motility% (precovid 55.1±21.7 to postcovid 15.1±5.7, p < 0.001); sperm morphology%(precovid 45(30-60)to postcovid10(5-25), p < 0.001).After 3months CoenzQ10/300mg treatment semen showed significant improvement in all 3 parameters eg sperm count (3.15±3.38-20.9±2.11, p < 0.001), sperm motility(5.25±3.25- 42.85±3.30, p < 0.001) sperm morphology(7.81±2.26- 25.89±7.05, p < 0.001). All previous studies about postcovid semen changes used normal male as reference but strength of my study was precovid semen profile of same participant was available as a reference point. It was seen that fertility of male restores between3-6months postcovid with antioxidant treatment and can resume planning pregnancy. Limitations, reasons for caution Small sample size, interpatient variation in the severity of covid19, inadequate study design and retrospective nature. All patient examined had mild to moderate symptoms and none suffered from severe covid19 symptoms or needed ICU treatment so no data available to comment on severe postcovid19 case semen changes. Wider implications of the findings Many couples initially deferred fertility care due to concern about covid19 disease. Globally many fertility centre has resumed delivering care. Men and their partners must be appropriately counselled regarding what is known and remains unknown about covid19 and male reproductive health. Trial registration number not applicable Summary 8: The emergence of the new highly pathogenic human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that has already infected more than 80 million persons, killing nearly two million of them, clearly indicates the need to design efficient and safe vaccines protecting from these coronaviruses. Modern vaccines can be derived from virus-host interaction research directed to the identification of signaling pathways essential for virus replication and for virus-induced pathogenesis, in order to learn how to attenuate these viruses and design vaccines. ABSTRACT There are no approved vaccines against the life-threatening Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Attenuated vaccines have proven their potential to induce strong and long-lasting immune responses. We have previously described that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) envelope (E) protein is a virulence factor. Based on this knowledge, a collection of mutants carrying partial deletions spanning the C-terminal domain of the E protein (rMERS-CoV-E*) has been generated using a reverse genetics system. One of these mutants, MERS-CoV-E*Δ2in, was attenuated and provided full protection in a challenge with virulent MERS-CoV after a single immunization dose. The MERS-CoV-E*Δ2in mutant was stable as it maintained its attenuation after 16 passages in cell cultures and has been selected as a promising vaccine candidate. IMPORTANCE The emergence of the new highly pathogenic human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that has already infected more than 80 million persons, killing nearly two million of them, clearly indicates the need to design efficient and safe vaccines protecting from these coronaviruses. Modern vaccines can be derived from virus-host interaction research directed to the identification of signaling pathways essential for virus replication and for virus-induced pathogenesis, in order to learn how to attenuate these viruses and design vaccines. Using a reverse genetics system developed in our laboratory, an infectious cDNA clone of MERS-CoV was engineered. Using this cDNA, we sequentially deleted several predicted and conserved motifs within the envelope (E) protein of MERS-CoV, previously associated with the presence of virulence factors. The in vitro and in vivo evaluation of these deletion mutants highlighted the relevance of predicted linear motifs in viral pathogenesis. Two of them, an Atg8 protein binding motif (Atg8-BM), and a forkhead-associated binding motif (FHA-BM), when deleted, rendered an attenuated virus that was evaluated as a vaccine candidate, leading to full protection against challenge with a lethal dose of MERS-CoV. This approach can be extended to the engineering of vaccines protecting against the new pandemic SARS-CoV-2. Summary 9: Leishmaniasis, caused by an infection of the Leishmania protozoa, is a neglected tropical disease and a major health problem in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, with approximately 350 million people worldwide at risk and 2 million new cases occurring annually. Current treatments for leishmaniasis are not highly efficacious and are associated with high costs, especially in low- and middle-income endemic countries, and high toxicity. Due to a surge in the incidence of leishmaniases worldwide, the development of new strategies such as a prophylactic vaccine has become a high priority. However, the ability of Leishmania to undermine immune recognition has limited our efforts to design safe and efficacious vaccines against leishmaniasis. Numerous antileishmanial vaccine preparations based on DNA, subunit, and heat-killed parasites with or without adjuvants have been tried in several animal models but very few have progressed beyond the experimental stage. However, it is known that people who recover from Leishmania infection can be protected lifelong against future infection, suggesting that a successful vaccine requires a controlled infection to develop immunologic memory and subsequent long-term immunity. Live attenuated Leishmania parasites that are non-pathogenic and provide a complete range of antigens similarly to their wild-type counterparts could evoke such memory and, thus, would be effective vaccine candidates. Our laboratory has developed several live attenuated Leishmania vaccines by targeted centrin gene disruptions either by homologous recombination or, more recently, by using genome editing technologies involving CRISPR-Cas9. In this review, we focused on the sequential history of centrin gene-deleted Leishmania vaccine development, along with the characterization of its safety and efficacy. Further, we discussed other major considerations regarding the transition of dermotropic live attenuated centrin gene-deleted parasites from the laboratory to human clinical trials. Summary 10: Immune cells have the ubiquitous capability to migrate disregarding the adhesion properties of the environment, which requires a versatile adaptation of their adhesiveness mediated by integrins, a family of specialized adhesion proteins. Each subtype of integrins has several ligands and several affinity states controlled by internal and external stimuli. However, probing cell adhesion properties on live cells without perturbing cell motility is highly challenging, especially in vivo. Here, we developed a novel in vitro method using micron-size beads pulled by flow to functionally probe the local surface adhesiveness of live and motile cells. This method allowed a functional mapping of the adhesiveness mediated by VLA-4 and LFA-1 integrins on the trailing and leading edges of live human T lymphocytes. We show that cell polarization processes enhance integrin-mediated adhesiveness toward cell rear for VLA-4 and cell front for LFA-1. Furthermore, an inhibiting crosstalk of LFA-1 toward VLA-4 and an activating crosstalk of VLA-4 toward LFA-1 were found to modulate cell adhesiveness with a long-distance effect across the cell. These combined signaling processes directly support the bistable model that explains the emergence of the versatile guidance of lymphocyte under flow. Molecularly, Sharpin, an LFA-1 inhibitor in lymphocyte uropod, was found involved in the LFA-1 deadhesion of lymphocytes; however, both Sharpin and Myosin inhibition had a rather modest impact on adhesiveness. Quantitative 3D immunostaining identified high-affinity LFA-1 and VLA-4 densities at around 50 and 100 molecules/μm2 in basal adherent zones, respectively. Interestingly, a latent adhesiveness of dorsal zones was not grasped by immunostaining but assessed by direct functional assays with beads. The combination of live functional assays, molecular imaging, and genome editing is instrumental to characterizing the spatiotemporal regulation of integrin-mediated adhesiveness at molecular and cell scales, which opens a new perspective to decipher sophisticated phenotypes of motility and guidance. Summary 11: Human beings cannot live without elastomers, which exist almost everywhere in human life nowadays. Although elastomers with a variety of features are developed for specific applications, a timeless topic is how to toughen them, because mechanical properties always determine the reliability and lifespan of the utilized elastomers. Toughening of a soft material has a long history and the main idea is widely accepted, i.e., building energy dissipation into the stretchy networks. Double network (DN) method is the most pioneering and representative practice of materials toughening, which is successfully applied to numerous hydrogel systems. Intensive studies on DN hydrogel systems are implemented and relevant reviews are well documented, whereas important reviews about DN elastomers are absent. In this review, recent progress on toughening elastomers using the DN strategy is reviewed. By reviewing the fabrication methods and relevant extensions, toughening mechanisms at different length scales, functionalities, and applications in sequence, it is shown how one polymer network plus another gives rise to a tough elastomer with superior mechanical properties. It is believed that this review can give some insight into existing DN elastomer systems and inspire the development of next‐generation tough soft materials. Summary 12: Fungal infections are underestimated threats that affect over 1 billion people, and Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., and Aspergillus spp. are the 3 most fatal fungi. The treatment of these infections is performed with a limited arsenal of antifungal drugs, and the class of the azoles is the most used. Although these drugs present low toxicity for the host, there is an emergence of therapeutic failure due to azole resistance. Drug resistance normally develops in patients undergoing azole long-term therapy, when the fungus in contact with the drug can adapt and survive. Conversely, several reports have been showing that resistant isolates are also recovered from patients with no prior history of azole therapy, suggesting that other routes might be driving antifungal resistance. Intriguingly, antifungal resistance also happens in the environment since resistant strains have been isolated from plant materials, soil, decomposing matter, and compost, where important human fungal pathogens live. As the resistant fungi can be isolated from the environment, in places where agrochemicals are extensively used in agriculture and wood industry, the hypothesis that fungicides could be driving and selecting resistance mechanism in nature, before the contact of the fungus with the host, has gained more attention. The effects of fungicide exposure on fungal resistance have been extensively studied in Aspergillus fumigatus and less investigated in other human fungal pathogens. Here, we discuss not only classic and recent studies showing that environmental azole exposure selects cross-resistance to medical azoles in A. fumigatus, but also how this phenomenon affects Candida and Cryptococcus, other 2 important human fungal pathogens found in the environment. We also examine data showing that fungicide exposure can select relevant changes in the morphophysiology and virulence of those pathogens, suggesting that its effect goes beyond the cross-resistance. Summary 13: ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig 2012;25(2):74 All of us are being witness of radical change in health assistance: we are living an technological invasion, first in administrative processes and, afterwards, in outpatient care, in clinical controls of chronic diseases, in prevention, in health promotion, in rehabilitation and distance care. Data of patients based in computers and electronics communication became essential to the appropriate medical assistance in our time. At the words of former president of Intel Andrew Stephen Grove: “Technology occurs. It is not good. It is not bad. The steel is good or bad? “ The development of medical computers occurs, and at unprecedented speed. Such amount of information requires extensive reflection, broad spectrum vision and guidance of the professionals involved. The computers already dictate rules, avoid errors, guide attitudes. They facilitate and improve quality service, strengthen decision and planning, and, above all, provide basis for research. The medical computers are present in all the theoretical and applied issues of medicine today. The surgical field was the last border cleared by mechatronics. The surgery of minimum invasion put physically away the surgeon from surgical field. With an optical and an instrument intermediating the movement of hands of operator, was obvious the need of computer program to help surgical work. The surgery with robot will go, therefore, beyond of laparoscopic surgery: consists of a master-slave system with the command from a console with mechanical surgical handles and automated arms, with repeated movements of the wrist, on an island close to the patient. The robot took its place in all institutions committed with the surgery with minimum invasion. With the robot, we can see more and have better movements in smaller spaces, better cutting and sewing, better sealing and going further. The robotics optical system can see and transmit images better that my eyes; with articulated forceps, it can be safer and move better that my hands; filters redundant movements with security procedures that prevent any human tremors and fatigue. I have everything available for long periods in surgical work; I have everything as weapons to better serve my patient. Today I communicate better, I go around better on the world, I know where I am better than before, with precise coordinates. Is not this better than before? To remove an organ by a natural hole is not better that to invade a healthy tissue? The appeal to the excess is large: it is not an easy task to understand and dominate such amount of information. The laboratory should be the path to introduce these new technologies. But the tool is there, in use, and the doctor must exercise its duty as an expert in disease, in treatment applying the best to ensure to the patient the maintenance of his/her welfare, good social life and integrity of health. Summary 14: Should medical research be focused on increasing the quantity or quality of life? For a variety of reasons, past research has focused more on quantity of life, but the resultant life extension, without reducing ageing, has increased the extent of ageing and age‐related disease, plus pension, and social and medical costs, in an unsustainable way. I argue here that medical research urgently needs to be refocused away from cancer and cardiovascular research, and onto reducing ageing and age‐related morbidity, thereby increasing both our health and our wealth. > …years are being added to our lives, life is not being added to our years: the extra years are being added at the very end of our lives and are of poor quality Human life expectancy has been increasing at a rapid rate [1]. Better health care and hygiene, healthier life styles, sufficient food and improved medical care and reduced child mortality mean that we can now expect to live much longer than our ancestors just a few generations ago. Life expectancy at birth in the EU was about 69 years in 1960 and about 80 years in 2010, which corresponds to a rate of increase in life expectancy of 2.2 years per decade [1], [2]. If this rate of increase remains unchanged, as it has for the last century, then someone born in the EU today would be expected to live about 100 years. However, this dramatic increase in life expectancy did not come with a proportionate increase in quality of life for the elderly. Generally, increased life expectancy has increased the risk of disease, disability, dementia and advanced ageing prior to death [3], [4]. For example, 30% of the population over 60 in the UK become demented before they die, and this proportion is likely … Summary 15: Users can provide valuable insights for designing new technologies like social robots, with the right tools and methodologies. Challenges in inviting users as co-designers of social robots is due to lack of guidelines or methodologies to (1) organize co-design processes and/or (2) engage with people long-term to develop technologies together. The main contribution of this work is to provide guidelines for long- term co-design for how other researchers can adopt long- term co-design, informed by a 12-month co-design with older adults designing a social social robot. We leveraged human- centered, tactile and experiential design activities, including participatory design, based upon the following design principles: scenario specific exploration, long-term lived experiences, supporting multiple design activities, cultivating relationships, and employing divergent and convergent processes. We present seven different sessions across three stages as examples of this methodology that build on each other to engage users as co- designers, successfully deployed in a co-design project of home social robots with 28 older adults. Lastly, we detail 10 long- term divergent-convergent co-design guidelines for designing social robots. We demonstrate the value of leveraging people's lived technology experiences and co-design activities to generate actionable social robot design guidelines, advocating for more applications of the methodology in broader contexts as well. Summary 16: Robot search for multiple dynamic users within a multi-room environment is important for social robots to find and engage in various human–robot interaction scenarios with these users. In this paper, we present a novel autonomous person search technique for a robot finding a group of dynamic users before a deadline. The uniqueness of our approach is that unlike existing robot search methods, we consider activity information to predict where, when, and for how long a user will be in a specific room. This allows for the generation of search plans without any assumption on the frequency of user movements. We represent our search problem as an extension of the orienteering problem (OP), which we define herein as the robot person search OP (PSOP). User activity information is represented as spatial–temporal user activity probability density functions (APDFs). We solve the PSOP using APDFs to generate a search plan to maximize the expected number of users found before the deadline. The solution of the PSOP is obtained in two steps. First, by solving a variant of the multiperiod knapsack problem to determine which rooms should be searched and for how long these rooms should be searched. Then, we solve the traveling salesman problem to obtain the order in which to search these rooms. Experiments were conducted to validate the performance of our robot search method in finding different numbers of multiple dynamic users for varying environment sizes and search durations. We also compared our method with two coverage planners and a Markov decision process planner. On average, our planner found more users than the other planners for a variety of scenarios. Finally, we performed experiments that introduced uncertainty into both the APDFs as well as during the search to validate the robustness of our overall approach. Note to Practitioners—The majority of current social robot applications either consider users being collocated with the robot in the same region or users being static within another region in the environment. However, several applications exist where users are dynamic within their environments and for which a robot needs to find them in order to provide assistance, for example, in office buildings, airports, museums, hospitals, and long-term care facilities. In general, these users are performing activities within these regions. We uniquely consider such activity information in order to model user location probabilities. We developed a robot search planner that uses these probabilities to find users of interest in multi-room environments. The planner is novel as it reasons about when and which regions to search and for how long, as well as if the same region needs to be searched multiple times as users can perform multiple activities during the search time frame in the same region or revisit a region to perform a new activity. We have integrated the search planner within a robot system architecture. The robot travels to each region and then uses a local planner to navigate to locations within the region. At each location, a person identification technique is used to identify the target users in order to engage in human–robot interactions. Experiments were performed for two search applications: 1) a simulated Blueberry robot finding multiple residents in a virtual representation of one of our collaborating long-term care facilities and 2) the physical Blueberry robot finding multiple staff/students on a physical floor of a university building. For both experiments, plans were generated on the robot’s onboard Lenovo Thinkpad X230 using the robot operating system (ROS) in Ubuntu. User activity data and maps used for the experiments in the care facility can be found on our website (http://asblab.mie.utoronto.ca/research-areas/person-search-human-centered-environments), under multi-user robot search. The physical Blueberry robot was also equipped with an ASUS Xtion IR depth camera, a Logitech pro c920 RGB camera, and a Hokuyo laser range finder for person identification and navigation in the environment. The results showed that our system was effective in finding multiple dynamic users under varying environment sizes and search durations. Our search planner also outperformed other planners and was robust to uncertainties in the user model. Future work will consider environments with multiple floors and crowded regions, planners that directly reason about environment dynamics, and local planners that reason about user location probabilities within regions. Summary 17: Increases in the average age at first birth and in the proportion of women remaining childless have extended the total number of years that women spend childless during their reproductive lifetime in several countries. To quantify the number of years that reproductive-age women live without children, we introduce the cross-sectional average length of life childless (CALC). This measure includes all the age-specific first-birth information available for the cohorts present at time t; it is a period measure based on cohort data. Using the Human Fertility Database, CALC is calculated for the year 2015 for all countries with long enough histories of fertility available. Results show that women in the majority of the studied countries spend, on average, more than half of their reproductive lives childless. Furthermore, the difference between CALCs in two countries can be decomposed to give a clear visualization of how each cohort contributes to the difference in the duration of the length of childless life in those populations. Our illustration of the decomposition shows that (1) in recent years, female cohorts in Japan and Spain at increasingly younger ages have been contributing to more years of childless life compared with those in Sweden, (2) the United States continues to represent an exception among the high-income countries with a low expectation for childless life of women, and (3) Hungary experienced a strong period effect of the recent Great Recession. These examples show that CALC and its decomposition can provide insights into first-birth patterns. Summary 18: Do the in vitro motility characteristics of sperm collected using a microfluidic device (ZyMot) differ from those of sperm collected by density gradient centrifugation (DGC)? ZyMot-collected sperm had longer-lasting motility than those collected by DGC, but the head beat-cross frequency was inferior due to the absence of washing in vitro. ZyMot (DxNow, Inc., USA) can sort highly motile sperm with low reactive oxygen species (ROS), and DNA damage, without centrifugation. In IUI cycles, although the total number of ZyMot collected sperm was lower than that of DGC, it was reported that the pregnancy rate of ZyMot cycles was higher than that of DGC cycles. Washing sperm with a medium is essential for in vitro capacitation; however, the protocol for microfluidic devices lacks this procedure. The aim of this study was to clarify the motility characteristics of ZyMot-collected sperm. We also examined how washing ZyMot-collected sperm affected motility. The specimens were provided by patients who underwent semen analysis between October 2022 and January 2023, with written consent. We used 12 samples with a semen volume of 2.5 ml or more, or a motile sperm concentration of 4 million/ml or more. The same donor samples were divided into three groups (DGC, ZyMot, and ZyMot with wash). Dunnett’s test was performed with the DGC group as the control group. In the DGC group, 2-layer DGC (400G, 20 min) was performed, followed by washing (400G, 5 min). In the ZyMot group, ZyMot was used according to the manufacturer’s protocol. In the ZyMot with wash group, ZyMot-collected sperm was centrifugally washed (300G, 5 min). All samples were cultured at 30 °C until motility analysis. Sperm motility was analyzed using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system (SMAS) after 0, 4, and 24 h of semen preparation. There was no significant difference in the motility rate of the two ZyMot groups compared to that of the DGC group at 0 and 4h after sperm preparation. On the other hand, the motility of the ZyMot group tended to be higher (53.3%, p = 0.0787), and the motility of the ZyMot with wash group was significantly higher (85.4%, p < 0.001) than that of the DGC group (33.5%), after 24h of sperm preparation. The straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, and average speed of the ZyMot and ZyMot with wash group did not differ from those of the DGC group at 0 and 4h. All speed parameters of the ZyMot with wash group were significantly higher than those of the DGC group, after 24h of culturing. Regarding sperm head movement, there was no significant difference in the amplitude of lateral head displacement between the two ZyMot groups compared to that of the DGC group at 0 and 4h of culture. In contrast, the sperm head beat-cross frequency of the ZyMot group was lower than that of the DGC group (9.18±0.31 Hz vs 8.71±0.49 Hz, p = 0.0409). Both head movement parameters of the ZyMot with wash group were significantly higher than those of the DGC group. We chose semen samples with a high number of motile sperm because we divided the sperm into three experimental groups. Therefore, it is unclear whether our findings are applicable to patients with poor semen parameters. ZyMot may be advantageous for IUI cycles because ZyMot-collected sperm maintains sustainable motility for extended periods. Alternately, ZyMot may be unfavorable compared to DGC in conventional IVF cycles due to inferior sperm head movement, which is a marker of capacitation. However, this disadvantage can be overcome by washing. not applicable

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