SARS-CoV-2 does not dramatically regulate (1) mitochondrial-gene expression or (2) MAVS expression, but (3) downregulates nuclear-encoded mitochondrial (NEM) genes related to cellular respiration and Complex 1 assembly. We also report cell-specific and tissue-specific effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the mitochondrial-encoded and NEM transcriptome that could inform future experimental paradigm selection.

While immune genes often evolve quickly to combat pathogens, some show signs of constraint. Though usually attributed to interactions with microbes, constraint could also reflect other functions. We analyzed Drosophila data to test if immune genes have developmental roles constraining evolution.Pleiotropic immune genes, involved in development and immunity, evolved more slowly. Constraint was strongest for broadly expressed pleiotropic genes. However, pleiotropic immune genes also had more positively selected sites, suggesting adaptation. This supports that pleiotropy constrains immune system evolution, raising questions about pleiotropy's benefits where rapid adaptation is key.

Study examines effect of mating on immunity at molecular level. Ejaculate caused short-term changes in immune-related gene expression, suggesting link between immunity and post-mating processes.

Despite child mortality, baby immune systems develop based on mother-baby immunogenetics. Before implantation,the mother's immune system responds to semen and major histocompatibility complex genes in embryos. After implantation, immunoglobulins and cells cross the placenta, though usually, large molecules don't; immunoglobulin G, 160 kDa, binds fetal receptors to cross. Newborn immunoglobulin levels often match maternal levels. During breastfeeding, newborn innate and humoral immunity comes from mothers. Breast milk contains immunoactives—proteins, cytokines, hormones, immunoglobulins, microRNA exosomes, cells—immunomodulating effects persist after maternal immunoglobulin elimination, until maturity. Studying “mother-fetus” and “mother-newborn” interactions informs lifelong immune modulation.

Mother-child immunological interactions shape offspring immunity and resistance to disease. Breast milk provides immunoactive components to modulate infant immunity until maturation.

MM patients with worse prognosis had lower proportions of immune cells attacking tumors but higher proportions of immune cells promoting tumor growth.

Somatic mutations in blood stem cells increase with age,some expand into clones called clonal hematopoiesis which increases risks of cancers and heart diseases.Understanding this provides insights into aging.

Studies on evolution show random mating in single-celled organism Tetrahymena but mate choice genes differ in fruit flies. Certain genes reduce reproduction within and between species in crickets. Papers link sex and defense in plants,finding male-biased responses in fruit flies. Some use molecular approach, finding protamines in flies impact fertility,Izumo gene evolution differs in mammals, and antagonistic genome interactions in flies.

A study found otitis media surgeries increased in children from 1981 to 1983, especially in 3-year-olds. EOAEs and ABR tests on 23 NICU neonates showed EOAEs practical, ABR gold standard; 84% sensitivity, 99% specificity.