Phytochemistry 125:5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.02.005 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Yang Y, Islam MS, Wang J et al (2020) Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective. Lancet Infect Dis 20:398–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30141-9 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Keith P, Day M, Perkins L et al (2020) A novel treatment approach to the novel coronavirus: an argument for the use of therapeutic plasma exchange for fulminant COVID-19.

Artigo em Inglês ID: covidwho-1161629 ABSTRACT Buscar no Google Coleções: Bases de dados de organismos internacionais Base de dados: CINAHL Tipo de estudo: Estudo prognóstico / Ensaios controlados aleatorizados Tópicos: Medicina tradicional Idioma: Inglês Revista: HerbalGram Ano de publicação: 2021 Tipo de documento: Artigo Similares Buscar no Google Coleções: Bases de dados de organismos internacionais Base de dados: CINAHL Tipo de estudo: Estudo prognóstico / Ensaios controlados aleatorizados Tópicos: Medicina tradicional Idioma: Inglês Revista: HerbalGram Ano de publicação: 2021 Tipo de documento: Artigo

These are based on interim data from clinical trials of newly developed vaccines [18 , 19 ]. In China and other Asian countries that utilize TCM, there have also been studies of TCM therapies and herbal medicine for the treatment of COVID-19 [20 ,21 ,22 ,23 ,24 ]. When applying TCM herbal medicine, familiarity with TCM theory is required. Frequently used formulas are also available as premade patent formulas (usually tablets or capsules) [26 ]. In China and other Asian countries, TCM is a medical subspecialty commonly utilized in the healthcare system in hospital, academic, and ambulatory settings and during the COVID-19 pandemic, TCM herbal medicine (along with procedures to treat symptoms such as acupuncture) is being used in combination with biomedical pharmacologc and other medical approaches as supportive care treatment for COVID patients [21 , 22 ]. Pattern diagnosis of viral influenza-like disorders according to TCM The treatment of viral flu-like disorders has been recognized for a long time in TCM.

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have also shown inhibition of viral entry [32 ]. The present review focuses on compounds isolated from medicinal plants against SARS-CoV-2 shown to be active in vitro and in cell studies (Table 4 ), and several compounds show promising antiviral activity as compared with several FDA-approved drugs as mentioned above (Figs. 4 , 5 ). Among the other tested compounds, andrographolide has shown promising potency (IC50 of 0.034 µM, against SARS-CoV-2-infected Calu-3 cells). Andrographolide is a major active compound isolated from Andrographis paniculata that has been used for a long time in Thai traditional medicine for diarrhea, common cold, fever, and viral infections. J Tradit Complement Med 10(4):420–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.05.004 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Runfeng L, Yunlong H, Jicheng H, Weiqi P, Qinhai M, Yongxia S, Chufang L, Jin Z, Zhenhua J, Haiming J (2020) Lianhuaqingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Pharmacol Res 156:104761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104761 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Deng W, Xu Y, Kong Q, Xue J, Yu P, Liu J, Lv Q, Li F, Wei Q, Bao L (2020) Therapeutic efficacy of pudilan xiaoyan oral liquid (PDL) for COVID-19 in vitro and in vivo.

The use and attitudes towards herbal medicine, during the COVID-19 pandemic was explored in this study. The aims were to examine (1) the prevalence and indications for herbal medicine use, (2) the factors associated with herbal medicine use, and (3) Vietnamese peoples' attitudes towards herbal medicine.

Conventional Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) S.No Pharmacological Activity Type of Study No. of Participants Findings 1 Antiviral (Anti-HIV) Pilot study [15 ] 51 Undetectable viral load noted in 41 patients and less than 1000 copies/ml of viral load in 10 patients.CD4 count of all participants has been increased. 2 Antiviral (Anti-HIV) Pilot study [16 ] 6 Undetectable viral load (HIV-RNA) in all patients.Increased body weightIncreased CD4 count. 3 Antiviral (Anti-HIV) Case report [17 ] 1 Complete seroreversion.Normal CD4 count. 4 Antiviral (Anti-HIV) Case report [18 ] 1 Sustained seroreversion.CD4 count not less than 750 cells/μ L. 5 Antiviral (Anti-HCV) Pilot study [19 ] 30 Significant decrease in viral load.Increased Total Antioxidant Capacity (TCA).Improved laboratory biomarkers such as total protein, red blood cell, and platelet count.Decreased fasting blood glucose and postprandial glucose in both diabetic and non-diabetic HCV patients.Reduced lower-limb edema 6 Antiviral (Anti-HCV) Pilot study [20 ] 60 Significant decrease in viral load.Augmentation of α-femiddlerotein and other liver function parameters. 7 Antiviral (Anti-HCV) Pilot study [21 ] 195 Negative HCV-RNA 8 Antioxidant Randomized controlled clinical trial [30 ] 50 Significant raise of levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD). 9 Antioxidant Placebo controlled participant blinded clinical trial [31 ] 114 Significant elevation of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione levels. 10 Antioxidant Pilot study [32 ] 30 Significant reduction of plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA).Increased activity of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase. 11 Anti-inflammatory Placebo controlled study [39 ] 40 Improvement in number of inflamed joints, incidence of morning stiffness, and disease activity score. 12 Anti-inflammatory Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [40 ] 42 Significant decrease in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO). 13 Anti-inflammatory Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [41 ] 90 Significant reduction of systemic inflammatory biomarkers including Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP). 14 Anti-inflammatory Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [42 ] 43 Significant reduction of serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO). 15 Anti-inflammatory Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [43 ] 96 Significant reduction of serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). 16 Immunomodulatory Pilot study [47 ] 24 Significant raise of CD8 counts and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN).Improved clinical symptoms. 17 Immunomodulatory Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [48 ] 43 Decreased CD8+ and increased percentage of CD4+ CD25+ and the ratio of CD4+ /CD8+ . 18 Anticoagulant Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [51 ] 94 Significant increase in Partial thromboplastin time (PTT).Significant reduction of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, means arterial pressure, and heart rate. 19 Bronchodilatory Randomized double blind clinical trial [54 ] 15 Short significant increase in peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1 ), maximal expiratory flow (MEF), maximal mid expiratory flow (MMEF), and specific airway conductance. 20 Bronchodilatory Randomized single-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial [55 ] 73 Significant improvements in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1 ), peak expiratory flow (PEF), serum interferon-γ, and asthma control test (ACT) score.Significant reduction of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE). 21 Antihistaminic Randomized single-blind clinical trial [56 ] 20 Significant reduction of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms score. 22 Antihistaminic Randomized single-blind uncontrolled comparative clinical trial [57 ] 47 Significant reduction of daytime and ophthalmic symptoms and total eosinophil count comparable to montelukast. 23 Antihistaminic Randomized double blind clinical trial [58 ] 66 Reduction of clinical symptoms such as nasal itching, rhinorrhea, sneezing attacks, nasal congestion, turbinate hypertrophy and mucosal pallor. 24 Antihistaminic Pilot study [59 ] 68 Relief of symptoms of allergic rhinitis. 2. Repeated serology assessments for 10 years have shown undetectable viral load and CD4 count not less than 750 cells/μL [18 ]. The administration of soft gelatin capsules of N. sativa seed oil (450 mg) three times daily for 3 months to patients with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) who were not eligible for Interferon-α therapy, resulted in significant decrease in viral load, increased Total Antioxidant Capacity (TCA) and improved laboratory biomarkers such as total protein, red blood cell, and platelet count, decreased fasting blood glucose, and postprandial glucose in both diabetic and non-diabetic HCV patients and reduced lower-limb edema [19 ] while, the administration of ethanolic extract of N . sativa in HCV patients found to decrease viral load significantly, to augment α-fetoprotein and other liver function parameters and to overall clinical condition [20 ] and the administration of combination of natural products (N.sativa , honey, Blue green® tablet, vitamin D3 , and linolenic acid) along with chloroquine in 195 HCV patients who were not eligible for Interferon-α therapy, lead to negative HCV-RNA in 6 months among 42.1% of study participants and in 12 months among 54.9% of participants and 64.3% of participants achieved end of treatment response in 18 months [21 ]. The in vitro and in vivo studies of N.sativa has also shown antiviral efficacy against some other viruses like Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) [22 ], Papaya Ring Spot Virus [23 ], Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) [24 ], Avian influenza (H9N2) [25 ], Newcastle disease virus (NDV) [26 ] and Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Virus [27 ]. It has been proposed that antiviral efficacy of N.sativa might be due to raised serum levels of interferon-gamma, increased CD4 count, augmented suppressor function and enhanced numbers of macrophages [22 ]. 3.2.

Certain phytocompounds predominant in fruits and leafy vegetables are capable of promoting healthy immune responses by providing antioxidants polyphenols and bioactive agents able to modulate immune functions (Calder et al. 2020 ; Zhang and Liu 2020 ). The genome of SARS-COV2 shares close similarity with those of previously pandemic SARS coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV fuelling the possibility that herbs and medications found to be effective in previous incidences of coronavirus diseases could also be beneficial in the treatment of COVID-19 (Gasmi et al. 2020 ). The therapeutic efficacy of some medicinal plants is traceable to their antioxidant phytochemicals notably the polyphenols and flavonoids (Komolafe et al. 2017 ) and some of these possess inhibitory effects on 3 chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) essential for the replication of coronaviruses like MERS-CoV and SARS-COV (Gasmi et al. 2020 ). A comprehensive molecular docking analysis by Murugan et al. (2020 ) revealed a highly promising therapeutic potential of A. paniculata diterpenoid, neoandrographolide, against the SARS-COV-2 virus. Qingfei Paidu decoction is a combination of classical TCM prescriptions for treating cold pathogens and its chemical substances showed an inhibitory effect on 3CL protein of coronavirus (Liu 2020 ; Zhao et al. 2020 ). Another herbal formula Pneumonia no. 1 , compounded from five Chinese herbal medicines, has been clinically tested on COVID-19 patients with the mild form of the disease with over 50% reversal of symptoms and no patient progressing to the severe form of the disease (Liu 2020 ). Shufeng Jiedu Capsule (SFJDC), another herbal formula, was shown to act additively with arbidol (a broad-spectrum antiviral compound) in improving respiratory system symptoms such as fever, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath in COVID-19 mild disease patients (Liu 2020 ). A multi-herbal formulation, Pudilan (PDL), used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for heat-clearing and detoxification and clinically employed recently with appreciable success as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 infective agent, was evaluated for therapeutic potential against COVID-19 using network pharmacology tools (Kong et al. 2020 ). The findings show that the anti-COVID-19 mechanism of PDL proceeds via inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells.

Still, there is a shortage of information on the anti-COVID-19 agents derived from medicinal herbal extracts and their bioactivities [10 ]. The National Health Commission of China has permitted the usage of herb-based medicines in combination with Western medicine as an alternate therapy for COVID-19 and has authorized some commendations on the herbal therapy [10 ]. At present, herbal remedies having antiviral activities work as an auxiliary treatment to stop SARS-CoV-2 infections as the conventional treatment is quite not thriving [11 ]. Medication systems in various geographical zones use traditional medical herbs as the prime treatment for viral infections, including those triggered by the SARS-CoV. Functional food has raised popularity to prevent numerous diseases including COVID-19 [49 ]. Given the current COVID-19 pandemic, where there is no specific preventive or therapeutic agent accessible, a healthy immune system is considered one of the most important tools that should be well-thought-out [50 ]. Functional food with biological activities along with their nutritional properties are usually considered safer for consumption than synthetic drugs and have been receiving increasing interest recently as models for drug design [51 ]. Various functional foods may aid the body battle COVID-19 infection by hindering the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, reducing the expression of ACE2 receptors, and inhibiting essential enzymes in SARS-CoV-2 [52 ]. In general, minerals and vitamin supplements have been well-recognized to help the immune system fight viral infections.

On April 14, 2020, a Chinese official announced at a press conference that indications of three patent herbal drugs were approved to be expanded to include COVID-19 symptoms.1 National Health Commission Press conference of the joint prevention and control mechanism of the State Council on. Summary PubMed Scopus (965) Google Scholar , Certain batches of an injectable herbal drug called Xiyanping, which is recommended by the Chinese Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol of COVID-19,4 National Health Commission Diagnosis and treatment protocol of COVID-19 (7th edn). Google Scholar have already been recalled after reports of adverse effects.

World Health Organisation (WHO) has recognised the use of alternative and traditional medicine in the management of COVID-19 but the herbs should be used in prescribed amounts and overdose of them can be harmful for health [1,3]. Therefore the present article will enlighten the readers about the role of herbs, spices and nutrients in improving the conditions in COVID-19. Frontiers in Nutrition , 2020 Sudiarto Sudiarto et al.